Assertion-reason (A-R)
Two statements - an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R) - with four standard options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A. b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A. c) A is true, but R is false. d) A is false, but R is true.
Writing a good pair: make both statements about the same concept, and make the "explanation" link the key thing being tested.
Example (Class 10 Science):
- A: The colour of copper sulphate solution fades when an iron nail is dipped in it.
- R: Iron is more reactive than copper and displaces it from copper sulphate solution.
- Answer: (a).
Case-based questions
A short passage, data table or situation, followed by 3-4 questions (usually 1+1+2 marks, often with an internal choice).
Example (Class 9 Social Science, data-based):
A table shows rainfall and wheat production in Punjab and Rajasthan over five years.
- Which state shows a stronger link between rainfall and production? (1)
- Suggest one reason for the difference. (1)
- How could irrigation change the pattern? Explain with an example. (2)
Source-based (history, political science)
A short extract from a primary source with questions on context, meaning and significance.
Tips
- Keep passages short (80-150 words for middle school).
- Use Indian, everyday contexts.
- Test application or analysis, not recall of the passage.
Generate A-R and case-based questions for any chapter, with answers.